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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–12v DC Solar Aquarium Micro Tauchmotor Wasserpumpe] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,yishanjiushe.com,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export(Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.[Amazon Ebay′s Choice PVC Coated or Galvanized Hexagonal Chicken Wire Mesh for Poultry (HWM),Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.[100l / Min Air Compressor,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire-Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.
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UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, with the extruder moving from left to right (Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders).Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire. The schematic shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.
COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). (a)Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. (b)Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.[fastlinepcb]Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833, a small slit or pre-Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Croygenic Swing Check Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings. Finally,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size(first tab)Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, cross-Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load SwitchVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFruit Jam Equipment/Drying Equipment for Food Machinery. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine,σT,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWaterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-parallel to the print.
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XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Cross-Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGlass Storage Jar With Cork Top. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0, which all had significantly smaller,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.Seamless Sports Legging for Women(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment. AsTexincreases,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion, leading to a stronger weld.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor DrainVexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVexCheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.
CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLow Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase ChillerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool/or extrusion.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Stackable Syringe Pump(Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A)).Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inup-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags, respectively,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
4 Conclusions
DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box. This measurement technique is a straightforward,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)-AM.Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.
Acknowledgments
Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
