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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Bh-16 Satinless Steel–Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women–Security Systems Fire Alarm Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.[Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm–Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,Ce Certification Work Glove,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018(Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.[Double Shaft Horizontal Paddle Mixing Equipment for Detergent Powder,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7–Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace]Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.[Hot Sales Masking Paper Features with Heat Resistant,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter] However,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag-Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.
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2.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant
Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide(MakerBot IndustriesDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits).20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube. The schematic shown inAuto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.
OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. (a)Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine. (b)304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.[Bulk Ceramic Stoneware Plates Suppliers for Sale]4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, a small slit or pre-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building. Finally,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket(first tab)Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.Galvanized Bar Grating(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price, cross-High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Forging Metal Building Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal DiaphragmVex. FCL-440shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.etonsmtauto.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator,σT,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon-parallel to the print.
3.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe
Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color. Cross-Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.3, and are displayed in21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMini Belt Sander. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel, which all had significantly smaller,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inZoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. AsTexincreases,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black, leading to a stronger weld.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211Vexas shown inFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. The influence ofTexandVexFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.
Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-PoleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks-Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals. This measurement technique is a straightforward,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels-AM.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.
Acknowledgments
Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
