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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine–NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)–Jungle Airsoft Sports Suit Wargame Paintball Army Military Uniform (SYSG-2011)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.[Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock–H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.[Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,IP65 Outdoor Lighting 180W LED Gas Station Canopy Light,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.[Pp Frits&Filters,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign–Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine]Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.[Free Sample Cheap Customized Elastic Nylon Fabric Woven Cloth Wrist Band for Events,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off] However,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings-Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.
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Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(MakerBot IndustriesChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel, with the extruder moving from left to right (New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie).Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port]Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable. The schematic shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.
High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. (a)Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe. (b)5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.[Decorative Colored Polycarbonate Sheet PC Solid Sheet]Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs, a small slit or pre-Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function. Finally,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building(first tab)CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, cross-YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag PouchesVex.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFantastic Cummins K38 K50 Engine Parts Solenoid Valve 3017993. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAPI600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve).Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.,σT,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLED Module 25W 3000K(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine-parallel to the print.
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Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent. Cross-Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.3, and are displayed inDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inUV Tunnel Curing Machine for Plane Cylinder Plastic Bottle Screen Printing. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision ToleranceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. AsTexincreases,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens, leading to a stronger weld.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian HairVexas shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. The influence ofTexandVexPTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.
EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for MenσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)-Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment-AM.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
