Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency TechnologyCNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs-Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration–Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag–Holographic Metallized Paper Laminated Coated Colorful Metallzied Paper] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.[Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag–Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.[Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),Plastic Cap Induction Aluminum Foil Bottle Seal Liner,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit(75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.[Wholesale Custom Fashion Colorful Happy Cotton Mens Dress Socks,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit–Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery]Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.[China Factory Produce High Quality Multi-Color 3D Printer Filaments with PLA/ABS/TPU/PETG,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)] However,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring-AM has not been reported.
Here,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)-Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved.
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2.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book
High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth(MakerBot IndustriesFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube, with the extruder moving from left to right (Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.).TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)LED Module 25W 3000K, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp. The schematic shown inBulk Washing Powder Detergent.
Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog. (a)Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy. (b)Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.[Engineered Parts Rapid Prototype Plastic Injection Mold Manufacture]Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers, a small slit or pre-Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing. Finally,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)(first tab)Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts, cross-Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low PriceVex.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bagshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.kingtuvprinter.net. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels).High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management,σT,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(see Section 2.3).[PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20-parallel to the print.
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Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler. Cross-Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.3, and are displayed inSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inU Shape IR Lamp Halogen Bulb. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System, which all had significantly smaller,Spacer CNC Machining Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. AsTexincreases,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black MicrocapsuleVexas shown inCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. The influence ofTexandVexIgnition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.
Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash MosaicσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Bandingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export/or extrusion.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)]Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material)).0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826, respectively,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEasy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.
4 Conclusions
Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice. This measurement technique is a straightforward,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire-AM.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.
Acknowledgments
Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
