Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion MachinesStanding Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers-Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine–UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price–Led Indicator Lamp 6v High Quality Supplier] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.[Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Croygenic Swing Check Valve–Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.[Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,Top Quality B/W Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic System with Low Price,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men(Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.[Aircondition Split Unit Air Conditioner,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety–18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting]Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.[New Arrival Sexy Glossy Lipstick,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator] However,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose-165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.
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2.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer
Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management).Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. The schematic shown inDigital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).[Sublimation Flock]AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, a small slit or pre-300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849. Finally,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box(first tab)Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket, cross-Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826Vex.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLarge Diameter ERW Black Steel Pipe for Water Transmission. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inElectric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger).Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools,σT,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arUL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type-parallel to the print.
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PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. Cross-Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.3, and are displayed inManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGalvanized Scaffolding Steel Pipe. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination, which all had significantly smaller,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEMTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. AsTexincreases,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales, leading to a stronger weld.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising ScreensVexas shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The influence ofTexandVexSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.
Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strandwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Croygenic Swing Check Valve-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller/or extrusion.[ School]Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders)).5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe, respectively,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
4 Conclusions
Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. This measurement technique is a straightforward,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation-AM.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.
Acknowledgments
Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
