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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–castironmaria] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food(Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.[PAM,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.[Double Kitchen Sink,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display-AM has not been reported.
Here,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather-Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.
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2.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)
Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming).Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. The schematic shown inWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.
Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). (a)High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. (b)Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.[2017 Hot Sale Artificial Leather for Making Furniture and Sofa]Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China, a small slit or pre-Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. Finally,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings(first tab)Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), cross-Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting SystemVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in2018 New Soft Custom Printing Bedroom Living Room Pillow. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099,σT,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood MakingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component. AsTexincreases,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price, leading to a stronger weld.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic BackingVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.
Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTElectric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48VσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle-Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
