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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo-Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–0.5 micron High efficiency stainless steel fine filter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover(Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.[PU Filling Machine/ Pouring Machine/ Potting Machine,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.[Hot Sale Construction HPMC Mhpc 150000cps Methyl Cellulose Powder for Tile Adhesive,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer-Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.
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2.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve
Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair).Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. The schematic shown in5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.
150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. (a)Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit. (b)Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.[Brass Gold Plate Hydraulic Rotary Unions]Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, a small slit or pre-Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t. Finally,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly(first tab)Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard, cross-High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in GuangzhouVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFiber Optic Cable Wrap. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture,σT,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arcolor coated aluminum coil manufacturers(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew-parallel to the print.
3.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet
12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine. Cross-Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.3, and are displayed inCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in1550nm Directed Modulation Optical Transmitter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300), which all had significantly smaller,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for LashesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. AsTexincreases,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood, leading to a stronger weld.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box ManufactureVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVex20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.
Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit DrainσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm/or extrusion.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel)).Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, respectively,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.
4 Conclusions
Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2),for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer-AM.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
