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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 304
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder-3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–Stainless Steel Side Mounted Glass Clip] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Booklet Printing / Custom Printing / Offset Printing, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair(Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.[Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Anti-Overload Function Clockwise and Anti-Clockwise Function,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.[Corrosion Test Chamber,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder-Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.
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2.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves
Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper).Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly. The schematic shown inGpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.
Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. (a)Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. (b)Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.[Fuji Nozzle]Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall, a small slit or pre-Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal. Finally,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door(first tab)color coated aluminum coil manufacturers(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew, cross-Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing MachineVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDigital Clock With Temperature. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes,σT,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA-parallel to the print.
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Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL),Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery. Cross-Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inM4.5 Torx Pan Head Nylok Screw. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm, which all had significantly smaller,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. AsTexincreases,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator, leading to a stronger weld.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water HeaterVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVexColorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).
for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets-Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil/or extrusion.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer)).Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles, respectively,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
4 Conclusions
Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. This measurement technique is a straightforward,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts-AM.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.
Acknowledgments
FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
