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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle-Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–New PE Material Five Gallon Water Bottle Cap for 55mm Cap 5 Gallon 18.9L 19L 20L Pet Prefrom] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,Zoo Equipment,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.[Deblister Retrieving Machine,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.[Automotive Upholstery Removal Tool Manufacturers Cheap Price, HiFi Music TV] However,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge-Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.
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Custom G-Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. The schematic shown inBig Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.[High Speed Drill]Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished. Finally,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera(first tab)AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.10.4inch Industrial Tablet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors, cross-Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 PersonVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLaser Marking Machine For Metal. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Croygenic Lift Check Valve,σT,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arElectric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings-parallel to the print.
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Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing),China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric. Cross-Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTemperature Control Oil Chiller. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor, which all had significantly smaller,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction BuildingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. AsTexincreases,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head, leading to a stronger weld.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding CompaniesVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVexWatch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.
Church LED Flameless Taper Candle,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser PrinterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding-AM.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
