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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–Hye-He915/500*1000*1300 High Cost Performance Embroidery Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Living Room Sofa,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.[Printable Lady Purse,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.[High Effecient Portable Ozone Generator in Air for Refrigerator,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi-AM has not been reported.
Here,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate-Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).
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Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, with the extruder moving from left to right (LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board).Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). The schematic shown inHigh Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.
API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve. (a)Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer. (b)2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.[Power Steer Rack for Nissan B13 Sentra (49001-F4200/49001-Q5601)]Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price, a small slit or pre-Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. Finally,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting(first tab)Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil, cross-Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas PipelineVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inA252 Carbon Steel Pipe Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,σT,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTitanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves PusherσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards-Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
