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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–off-Grid 12V 24V DC to 110V 220V AC 2000W Real Power Inverter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Fiberglass Plastic Roof Sheet,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.[Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.[Daul Color Led Drl Turn Light,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting-AM has not been reported.
Here,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale-Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).
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2.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts
Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration).Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. The schematic shown in3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.
Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. (a)Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. (b)Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.[Cornice Polyurethane High Quality Supplier]High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale, a small slit or pre-Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption. Finally,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building(first tab)Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts, cross-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kvVex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPlastic Injection Molding Machine for Making PE Bottle Caps. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil,σT,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck-parallel to the print.
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Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. Cross-Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGrass Rubber Matting/Outdoor Rubber Mats/Oil Resistance Rubber Mat/Ship Deck Rubber Mats. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal, which all had significantly smaller,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite SheetTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew. AsTexincreases,Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet, leading to a stronger weld.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED StripVexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexWatermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.
Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring-AM.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.
Acknowledgments
Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
