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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes-FRP Profile Made in China.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine–NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)–Four Laser Tubes Cutting Machine with 3 Phases Stepper Motors Qd-1610-4] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.[Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock–H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.[Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,Automatic Container Cargo Electronic Seal Unlock by SMS,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.[2018 Hot Selling LED Pendant Ceiling Light Fixture,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign–Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine]16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.[Mini Push Latch,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off] However,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm-Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.
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Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(MakerBot IndustriesChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder).Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port]Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag. The schematic shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.
Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder. (a)D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1. (b)Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.[Fhd Tft Lcd Display Module]Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag, a small slit or pre-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Finally,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)(first tab)Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp, cross-2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal ClipVex.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNotch Coil Prebuilt Coil. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAPI600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve).Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park,σT,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug-parallel to the print.
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PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector. Cross-Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).3, and are displayed inDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBeef Mincer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. AsTexincreases,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use, leading to a stronger weld.Cbd Extraction and Purification ProcessVexas shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. The influence ofTexandVexVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.
Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel ClipsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag/or extrusion.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption]1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold(Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System)).Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inwire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z, respectively,3.7*60 Concrete Nails.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.
4 Conclusions
7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)-AM.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.
Acknowledgments
Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
