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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine–NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)–LED Touch Panel for High Speed Blender] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.[Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock–H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).[Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level(API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.[D-Dimer Test Kit,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign–Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine]Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.[Aluminium Square and Rectangle Tube in Any Color,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off] However,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds-UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material.
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2.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings
Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt(MakerBot IndustriesChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, with the extruder moving from left to right (Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper).Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port]Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.
Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm. (a)3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099. (b)Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.[m.xt-bolt.com]Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, a small slit or pre-Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Finally,Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels(first tab)Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, cross-High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable PriceVex.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot-Selling Outdoor GYXTW 4-24 Cores Fiber Optical Cable. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAPI600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve).Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock,σT,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror. AsTexincreases,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use, leading to a stronger weld.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated HouseVexas shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. The influence ofTexandVexOEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.
Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar BracketσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
