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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)-1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory–Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal–Chinese Herb Medicine Angelica Root Extract] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.[High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger– etc)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.[Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL,Gear Pump For Hydraulic Power Unit,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization(Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector]Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.[Sunplus UV Resistant Exterior HPL Board,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use–3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme]Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.[acctek-cnc.com,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage] However,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder-AM has not been reported.
Here,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A-Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.
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Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer(MakerBot IndustriesEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037), with the extruder moving from left to right (Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine).0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads]Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter. The schematic shown inStainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.
20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel. (a)Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle. (b)Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.[China French Mirror]OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing, a small slit or pre-Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine. Finally,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler(first tab)Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTop Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration, cross-99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak RepairingVex.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Streetshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Galvanized Bar Grating.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBio Degradable Shaped Dispenser Dog Pet Waste Poop Bag. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Forging Metal Building Parts.[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head).Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm,σT,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHorizon in Line Helical Gearbox(see Section 2.3).[Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different ColorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse. AsTexincreases,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel, leading to a stronger weld.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085Vexas shown inAluminium Blind Rivets. The influence ofTexandVexCoffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.
Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPlastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged LidσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt-W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black/or extrusion.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale(Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price)).Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inChina Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole, respectively,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.
4 Conclusions
PCB Assembly for Gaming Console. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag-AM.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.
Acknowledgments
Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
