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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–H Frame Scaffold] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology(Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.[Best Selling Sequin Pillows / Reversible Cushions Square (YFC0061),50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.[Clear Plastic Roofing Sheet Roof Tile Price Plastic Shingle Roof,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z-3.7*60 Concrete Nails.
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Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W, with the extruder moving from left to right (Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool).Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. The schematic shown inLarge Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).
PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles. (a)SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle. (b)Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.[Rolling Shutter Built-in Tubular Motor WiFi Smart Controller Yet846WiFi]Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc, a small slit or pre-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation. Finally,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes(first tab)Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter, cross-Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 HoursVex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSeaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale,σT,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts-parallel to the print.
3.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished
Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag. Cross-2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Soe Orthodontic Ceramic Sapphire Brackets Dental Material with Ce ISO FDA. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.10.4inch Industrial Tablet. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 PersonTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. AsTexincreases,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006), leading to a stronger weld.Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel ColumnVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVex10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.
Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTYulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet MillσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building-AM.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.
Acknowledgments
High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
