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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror-Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China–Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch–Good Quality 3mm Thickness Nautural Rubber Sheet Roll] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.[10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Men′s Classic Hoodie–2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.[Galvanized Bar Grating,20411t Dkol Female Metric 24° Cone Seat L.T.,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.[Plant Extract HPLC Epimedium Extract Icariin for Men,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book–Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine]Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.[Stable Disposable Compatible Cartridge Ink Chip for Epson,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale] However,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture-AM has not been reported.
Here,New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor-Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
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Custom G-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. The schematic shown inCommercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.
Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors. (a)Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine. (b)AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.[Compatible Connector Phg B Series 2 Pin 3 Pin 7pin 4 Pins Metal Free Socket Male Circular Connector]Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts, a small slit or pre-ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Finally,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs(first tab)Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine, cross-YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare PartsVex.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Netshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFactory-Direct C7 Precision Double Nut Ball Screw. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminium Spigot Lighting Truss).High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021),σT,Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780(see Section 2.3).[PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book.High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube-parallel to the print.
3.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.
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Representative cross-Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inLife Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain. AsTexincreases,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy, leading to a stronger weld.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier MachineryVexas shown inFeed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The influence ofTexandVexHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.
FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision ToleranceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gownwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers-Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock-AM.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
