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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce-SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–China Manufacturer 304 Stainless Steel Strip/Band] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,Shower Door Bottom Seal,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding(5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).[Factory Price YAG Spot Mould Mold Jewelry Laser Welding Machine Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooper Titanium Handheld Soldering Welder,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.[Prepreg DMD Electrical Insulation Paper,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel-AM has not been reported.
Here,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440-Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.
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2.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA
Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner).Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. The schematic shown inStanding Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.
Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers. (a)Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign. (b)Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.[Natural Quartzite Slabs]Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery, a small slit or pre-Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment. Finally,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap(first tab)Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Aluminium Blind Rivets, cross-Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)Vex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Speed Solenoid Valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag,σT,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arElephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen DoorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor. AsTexincreases,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box, leading to a stronger weld.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental TreatmentVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVexLuxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.
2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFRP Profile Made in ChinaσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration-75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press/or extrusion.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag)).16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool, respectively,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
4 Conclusions
Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier-AM.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.
Acknowledgments
Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
