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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–Cable Filler Factory OEM/ODM Products] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,Fixing Clamps With Rubber,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.[China Electric Transport Cart,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.[Dual Duro Piston, HiFi Music TV] However,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use-AM has not been reported.
Here,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay-Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.
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2.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain
Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB).Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. The schematic shown inEuropean VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.
GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. (a)Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27. (b)Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.[Aaaaa-Cemented Carbide Tool Gun Drill Blanks Kidney Hole-2]1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center, a small slit or pre-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Finally,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported(first tab)Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface, cross-Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk BottleVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot-Press Big Turbo Diamond 12 Circular Saw Blade. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film,σT,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBaby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75-parallel to the print.
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Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb. Cross-Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOutdoor Power Machine 2.5mm X 3.5mm 3/32 Petrol Fuel Line. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108, which all had significantly smaller,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat TrolleyTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. AsTexincreases,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads, leading to a stronger weld.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building MaterialsVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.
12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular TubingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home-2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine/or extrusion.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf)).2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules, respectively,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
4 Conclusions
0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This measurement technique is a straightforward,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override-AM.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
