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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–Automatic Water Jet Spare Parts For Sand] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported.[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Distinguished Jade White Crystal Float Building Glass for Home Decoration (S-JD),Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.[China Razor Mesh,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.[480 Degree Celsius Heat Resistance Kevlar Conveyor Felt Belt for Aluminum Extrusion,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)-AM has not been reported.
Here,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass-Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.
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Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, with the extruder moving from left to right (Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap).High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. The schematic shown inGPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.[Forklift]Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials, a small slit or pre-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing. Finally,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers(first tab)Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use, cross-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV SocketVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inmypestkiller.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override,σT,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf-parallel to the print.
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21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door. Cross-4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.3, and are displayed inCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inIndoor Outdoor Playground Ninja Warrior Equipment Obstacle Course. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge, which all had significantly smaller,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge ScourerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil. AsTexincreases,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve, leading to a stronger weld.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal CoverVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.
Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBaby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06-AM.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.
Acknowledgments
Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
