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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10.4inch Industrial Tablet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Bh-16 Satinless Steel–Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women–for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Top Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.[Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm–Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,PS Foam Disposable Fast Food Container Making Machinery Mt105/120,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)(Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.[Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7–Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace]Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.[Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter] However,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,Croygenic Lift Check Valve-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring-Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.
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China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(MakerBot IndustriesDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, with the extruder moving from left to right (1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor).Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. The schematic shown inShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.
High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. (a)Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer. (b)Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.[Face Moisturizer Machine]Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc), a small slit or pre-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Finally,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set(first tab)Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, cross-Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection MouldingVex. FCL-440shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLocksmith with Card to Make Money Must Copy Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending,σT,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer-parallel to the print.
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Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. Cross-Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.3, and are displayed in21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inEmpty glass perfume diffuser bottle wooden cap cover 50ml. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01, which all had significantly smaller,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas ShoesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inZoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. AsTexincreases,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, leading to a stronger weld.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless SteelVexas shown inFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. The influence ofTexandVexSerrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck/or extrusion.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018(Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor)).Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A, respectively,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.
4 Conclusions
Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm-AM.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
