Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex FilmAmber Ceramic Glass
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water-2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A–Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader–Custiomized Roll Security Hologram Foil] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.[FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser–75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.[10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,2 Cable Ports Fiber Optic Splice Tray,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine(High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.[65 Inch 4k Led Tv,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine–2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter]High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.[2019 Nonwoven Hot Sale Fabric Carpet Slitting and Rolling Machine,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment] However,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work-AM has not been reported.
Here,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine-Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.
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2.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System
DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(MakerBot IndustriesBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card, with the extruder moving from left to right (Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer).2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Needle for Crochet Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules]Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. The schematic shown inTwilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).
Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine. (a)1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip. (b)Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.[OEM Double Male Quick-Disconnect Coupling High Pressure 8 mm for Air Rifle Charging 4500 Psi]Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, a small slit or pre-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector. Finally,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting(first tab)Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown infor Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment, cross-China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion CoverVex.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in450mm Laser Loop Diamond Concrete Saw Blades Segment Thickness Do as Your Request. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSpray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals).Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak,σT,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer(see Section 2.3).[Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound AbsorptionTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. AsTexincreases,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder, leading to a stronger weld.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction BuildingVexas shown in Coating (A8011. The influence ofTexandVexFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.
Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female SwimsuitσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
