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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–chinacoinsandpins] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,Swrh82b High Carbon Steel Spiral Wire,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.[Chameleon Gel Polish Manufacturers Cheap Price,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.[Stainless Steel Pantry Cabinet,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation-AM has not been reported.
Here,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts-High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.
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2.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price
Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale).Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. The schematic shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.
High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8). (a)Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm. (b)Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.[100% New Non-Spill 5 Gallon 18.9L 20L Water Bottle Cap]Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin, a small slit or pre-China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Finally,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter(first tab)Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
3.7*60 Concrete Nails, cross-Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face CameraVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in316. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard,σT,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLarge Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken-parallel to the print.
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Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. Cross-Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.3, and are displayed inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTungsten Carbide Sintered Balls. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function, which all had significantly smaller,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. AsTexincreases,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors, leading to a stronger weld.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction FurnaceVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexStainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.
Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for KeyboardσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace-Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof/or extrusion.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women(Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou)).OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch, respectively,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.
4 Conclusions
Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump. This measurement technique is a straightforward,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag-AM.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
