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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–Laser Engraving Machine Diy] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Suoer 24V DC to AC 3000W Pure Sine Wave Power Inverter with USB Interface (FPC-3000B), Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.[Cold Storage Air Cooler,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8,Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.[3d Holographic Display Led Fan,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo-AM has not been reported.
Here,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control-12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift.
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Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), with the extruder moving from left to right (Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046).LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine. The schematic shown inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.
UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. (a)Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level. (b)API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.[-sfj-06 - Small Hydraulic Jack]2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion, a small slit or pre-High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou. Finally,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material(first tab)FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, cross-Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)Vex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSintered Ss316l Cylinder Filters. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,σT,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arV3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray BottleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. AsTexincreases,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making, leading to a stronger weld.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic ComponentVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexCbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.
100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic BottleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell, respectively,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine-AM.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
