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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–Sheep Netting Fence] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Esp8266 Chipset Wireless Led Light Remote Control,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.[High Precision Cnc Automatic Lather Machining Parts,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100),Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.[Price Copper Sulphate,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A),Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug-GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.
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2.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale
110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom, with the extruder moving from left to right (Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02).Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer. The schematic shown inCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.
2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. (a)Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB. (b)Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.[Filter Housing]Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, a small slit or pre-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass. Finally,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder(first tab)Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China, cross-High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay BalerVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLow Temperature Extended Stem Cryogenic Forged Steel Gate Valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,,σT,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustomize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials-parallel to the print.
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12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing. Cross-China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCe SGS Approved Fiber Optic Cable Fast Connector (T-308X). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan, which all had significantly smaller,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical CapsulesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. AsTexincreases,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket, leading to a stronger weld.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional BagsVexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVexwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.
0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse PadσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap-Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace-AM.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.
Acknowledgments
SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
