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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves–Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)–MPO Optical Fiber Adapter Adaptor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.[Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard–Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.[Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,tnhg8.com,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam(Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.[China Roller Wood Veneer Dryer,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet–Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine]Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.[www.cnmirant.com,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment] However,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding-AM has not been reported.
Here,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer-Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037).
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Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag(MakerBot IndustriesPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. The schematic shown inDisposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.
Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. (a)High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor. (b)OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.[Packaging Cosmetics Plastic Eliquid Bottle Mould]304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door, a small slit or pre-Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder. Finally,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(first tab)99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket, cross-Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Galvanized Bar GratingVex.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machineryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Forging Metal Building Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inKC005 New Wood Print Aroma Diffuser for Office. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror).Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,σT,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(see Section 2.3).[Valve Rubberwasher]Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector. Cross-Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.3, and are displayed inTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTouch Screen High Temperature Industry Electrical Drying Oven. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe, which all had significantly smaller,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture ProofTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. AsTexincreases,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid, leading to a stronger weld.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear BoltVexas shown inSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. The influence ofTexandVexW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.
Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMetal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and BlackσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole/or extrusion.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine)).30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design, respectively,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.
4 Conclusions
Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019-AM.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.
Acknowledgments
High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
