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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks-Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Bh-16 Satinless Steel–Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women–Round Hole Stainless Steel Perforated Metal Filter Wire Mesh Screen Tube/Cylinders] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.[Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm–Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,Biological Research Institute Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer Machine,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support(Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.[Magnesium Chloride Food for Tofu Use,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7–Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace]Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.[Mixing Mill,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter] However,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine-High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.
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2.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)
Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings(MakerBot IndustriesDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag, with the extruder moving from left to right (63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White).Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries./s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication. The schematic shown inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.
Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. (a)HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children. (b)Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.[m.precisionpartscn.com]Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, a small slit or pre-Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator. Finally,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes(first tab)Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs, cross-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring HarnessVex. FCL-440shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inExcellent quality Gypsum Fertilizer Granules Making Machine - Disc Mixer - Exceed . Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer,σT,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLow Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCDTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inZoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. AsTexincreases,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+, leading to a stronger weld.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood FurnitureVexas shown inFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. The influence ofTexandVexGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.
Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface TreatmentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine/or extrusion.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor)).8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping, respectively,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.
4 Conclusions
Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar-AM.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.
Acknowledgments
Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
