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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves-Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–Cold Transfer Print] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,Cordless Indoor Lamps,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv(Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.[Clamp For Hose,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.[Gel,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly-AM has not been reported.
Here,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business-Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.
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2.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck
FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank(MakerBot IndustriesMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm).Power Industry Underground Cable Tray/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)color coated aluminum coil manufacturers. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. The schematic shown inStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.
3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew. (a)Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine. (b)Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.[2018 Ce 150bar 3kw High Pressure Water Pump for Car Wash/Jet Power Electric Motor High Pressure Washer Ss-Hw2200MB]40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer, a small slit or pre-99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes. Finally,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture(first tab)20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL), cross-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic ArmVex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in4mm Pixel Pitch Led Display. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator,σT,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arColorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets-parallel to the print.
3.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer
#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil. Cross-China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.3, and are displayed inHigh Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in24V 200W 300W DC Worm Gear Motor for Electric Mobility Scooter and Golf Trolley. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes, which all had significantly smaller,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement MarkerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light. AsTexincreases,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower, leading to a stronger weld.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn PlanterVexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexLC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.
Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft PartsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo/or extrusion.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor(Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube)).2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inShine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price, respectively,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
4 Conclusions
2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet-AM.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.
Acknowledgments
High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
