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Addit Manuf.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390

Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping BagPlastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines

Associated Data

Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film

Abstract

Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note BookPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body LotionTrustar Automatic Single Sheet Wet Tissue Folding & Packing Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,2715 Pvc Fiberglass Insulation Sleeve Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.[Touch Screen Interactive Table,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with ClipJapan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp]Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.[Polarized 80′s Retro Classic Trendy Stylish Mens Sunglasses Styles,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality] However,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-AM has not been reported.

Here,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig-Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.

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Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, with the extruder moving from left to right (Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material).1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. The schematic shown inPlastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.

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45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid. (a)Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery. (b)13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.[4 Ft Led T5 Tube Light Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398), a small slit or pre-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard. Finally,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro(first tab)Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75, cross-Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas BulbVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSintered Porous Disc. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley,σT,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAbrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element-parallel to the print.

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China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Cross-RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.3, and are displayed in Size D90mm. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in12v 24v 48v 30ah Lithium Battery Lithium Phosphate Iron Battery. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine, which all had significantly smaller,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV SocketTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. AsTexincreases,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, leading to a stronger weld.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic CraneVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.

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1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNfc Ultralight RFID Wet InlayσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetrowere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing-New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress/or extrusion.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier(Croygenic Lift Check Valve)).2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAuto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda, respectively,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.

4 Conclusions

Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer-AM.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.

Acknowledgments

Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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