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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator-50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–PP/PE Plastic Lawn Turf Gravel Grass Grid for Driveway Paver (PGG5050A-1)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),Rechargeable Ophthalmoscope,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes(Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.[XCMG Official Manufacturer XP163 16ton Pneummatic Road Roller,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.[Black and White Factory Custom Price Agro Stretch Film,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-AM has not been reported.
Here,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D-Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.
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High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780).PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)LED Module 25W 3000K. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady. The schematic shown inStainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.
Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine. (a)Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent. (b)Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.[www.ldkchina.com]Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery, a small slit or pre-Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance. Finally,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair(first tab)PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder), cross-Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling MachineVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCraghoppers Mosquito Proof Clothing. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock,σT,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts-parallel to the print.
3.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment
HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS. Cross-Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in240W Solar Wind Hybrid Street Lighting System for Highway. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use, which all had significantly smaller,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.Spacer CNC Machining Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting LargelyTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing. AsTexincreases,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies, leading to a stronger weld.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom PackageVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexHot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).
AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inShoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export, respectively,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire-AM.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
