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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes-Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House–10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing–P2.6 P2.8 P4.8 P5.9 HD Outdoor Rental Segment COB LED Display] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.[AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi–1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.[70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,bentengcorp.com,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300),Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.[Battery Operate Egg Beater,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer–Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly]Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.[Ceramic Water Filter Candle for Water Purifier, Trailer Wheel] However,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts-Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.
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2.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign
Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates(MakerBot IndustriesGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, with the extruder moving from left to right (Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery).Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. The schematic shown inJiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.
Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. (a)Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. (b)Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.[Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Sony Xperia Xz LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Panel Assembly Complete Replacement F8331 F8332 for 5.2 Sony Xz LCD]Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. Finally,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation(first tab)Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, cross-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline ParkVex.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Rulershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inH Beam Fabrication Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality).Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector,σT,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAgricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(see Section 2.3).[Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)-parallel to the print.
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IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A),Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm. Cross-Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.3, and are displayed inSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPop-Up Foil Sheets. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use, which all had significantly smaller,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for PurcurementTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inForest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve. AsTexincreases,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag, leading to a stronger weld.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power InverterVexas shown inHot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. The influence ofTexandVexTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.
Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTwire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10ZσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industrywere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.3.7*60 Concrete Nails-Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera/or extrusion.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price]7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool(Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05))).Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine, respectively,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inChina Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.
4 Conclusions
Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103),PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. This measurement technique is a straightforward,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle-AM.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
