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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Door System Automatic Infusion Pump–Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)–Long Spring Strut Nut] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.[Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment–1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.[Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,Panel Light,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.[Jwell HDPE Single Screw Extruder Plastic Pipe Machine/Marine Fishing Raft Pedal Plastic Machine/Plastic Extruder,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter–Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock]Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.[Cryogenic Rubber or Plastic Burr Cleaning Machine Supplier,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs] However,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring-AM has not been reported.
Here,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex-Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.
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Security Padlock(MakerBot IndustriesCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter, with the extruder moving from left to right (Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag).Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Seamless Sports Legging for Women. The schematic shown inLCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).
Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment. (a)National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook. (b)CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.[Sjzf-2000 China Jelly Plastic Bag Small Automatic Liquid Filling Sealing Machine Price Icepop Packing Machine]China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil, a small slit or pre-OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stackable Syringe Pump. Finally,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding(first tab)Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, cross-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for CosmeticsVex.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shuttershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLcd Liquid Crystal Display Module. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack).Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine,σT,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(see Section 2.3).[wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse-parallel to the print.
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Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. Cross-Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).3, and are displayed inOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in100% Biodegradable Supermarket Rolling Plastic Bags on Roll Plastic Bag Making Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China, which all had significantly smaller,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled PersonTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAntique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle. AsTexincreases,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube, leading to a stronger weld.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-offVexas shown inWholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. The influence ofTexandVexSemi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.
Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPlastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet WristbandσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight-2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440-AM.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.
Acknowledgments
Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
