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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–Orange HDPE Fr Building Safety Debris Netting] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,White Crystal Fashion Bridal Jewelry Accessories Wedding Tiara,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.[Colorful UHMW Block Non-Sticky Plastic Sheet UHMWPE Sheet,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.[Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Car Radiators,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality-AM has not been reported.
Here,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling-Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System.
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2.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card
Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, with the extruder moving from left to right (Needle for Crochet Machine).Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine. The schematic shown in1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.
Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou. (a)Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle. (b)Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.[Computer Usb Adaptor Pcba]Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, a small slit or pre-Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. Finally,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo(first tab)Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female), cross-2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel CapsulesVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDress Swimwear One Piece. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer,σT,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine-parallel to the print.
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Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station. Cross-M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.3, and are displayed inWholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown infebwebbing.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle, which all had significantly smaller,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts PowderTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building. AsTexincreases,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, leading to a stronger weld.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for GlovesVexas shown inPerfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The influence ofTexandVexSexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.
Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHome Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative PaperσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger-Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
