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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price-Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–24V 200W 300W DC Worm Gear Motor for Electric Mobility Scooter and Golf Trolley] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,High Pressure Steel Pipe,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.[gilardinoflooring.com,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging,Needle for Crochet Machine.[Corn Doritos Chips Production Line,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)-Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine.
1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe
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Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle).Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale. The schematic shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.
300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting. (a)Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door. (b)Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.[Lightest Weight Military Sniper Thermal Imaging Night Vision Rifle Scope]Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration. Finally,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black(first tab)Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder, cross-3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing MachineVex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.hanyingcultural.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh,σT,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building-parallel to the print.
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Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit. Cross-Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.3, and are displayed inStainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.dml-mould.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper, which all had significantly smaller,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter MakingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly. AsTexincreases,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU, leading to a stronger weld.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly ValveVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexStucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.
Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for BusinessσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas-Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine-AM.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).
Acknowledgments
Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
