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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale–Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater–Cryogenic Liquid Tank] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.[Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad–Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box.[Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net,Automatic Nylon Non-Woven Pyramidal Price Moringa Tea Bag Packing Machine,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality(60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.[Aqua Solar Water Heater,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches–Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male]Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.[1080P Full HD Projector 1920*1080,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size] However,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric-AM has not been reported.
Here,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication-Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.
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Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools(MakerBot IndustriesDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice, with the extruder moving from left to right (UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire).Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines]PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump. The schematic shown inBook Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.
Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire. (a)10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder. (b)Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.[Coating (A8011]32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens, a small slit or pre-SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016. Finally,Croygenic Swing Check Valve, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine(first tab)Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theGrey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera, cross-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with LogoVex.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown innewsanitary.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWhey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China).China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,σT,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAutomatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(see Section 2.3).[Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-parallel to the print.
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Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest,Security Padlock. Cross-XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.3, and are displayed inHDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Low Cr Grinding Media. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag, which all had significantly smaller,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid ValveTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGood Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Seamless Sports Legging for Women. AsTexincreases,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123), leading to a stronger weld.Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water TreatmentVexas shown inOffice Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. The influence ofTexandVexNational Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.
Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat HookσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Pricewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics-AM.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).
Acknowledgments
Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
