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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring-Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration–Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle–Excavator Engine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.[Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack–Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.[Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil,High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads(Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.[3D Printer Filament PLA/ABS/Pcl/PETG/Nylon/TPU 1kg 1.75mm 3D Printing Filament,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women–Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables]12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.[Andarine S4 and (GTX-007) 98% High Purity 401900-40-1,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)] However,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home-AM has not been reported.
Here,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell-2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.
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2.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer
Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags, with the extruder moving from left to right (with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts).0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. (a)10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda. (b)21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.[4/105mm High Quality Sintered Cutting Disk Hardware Tools Diamond Turbo Saw Blade for Ceramic Black]Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly, a small slit or pre-Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace. Finally,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil(first tab)Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide, cross-Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing MachineVex.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Precision Low Cost Circular Pipe CNC Plasma Cutting Tool. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInterlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile).Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,σT,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(see Section 2.3).[Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould-parallel to the print.
3.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard
Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Cross-Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.3, and are displayed inDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inUltrasonic Facial Lifting Instrument Hot and Cold Skin Care Face Massage Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, which all had significantly smaller,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior DecorationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connectorwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale-Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls/or extrusion.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment]Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine)).1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHoneyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box, respectively,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.
4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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