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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Spacer CNC Machining Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale–Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs–Baby Kid Infant Body Surface Electronic Non Contact Forehead Digital Infrared Thermometer with OEM] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).[Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning–45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.[Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex,100% Transparent No-Lead Ice-Cream Thicken Glass Bowl Glassware (SX-007),High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine(Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.[Led Panel Lights,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves–Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine]Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.[Concrete Grinding Machine Floor Grinders,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold] However,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box-AM has not been reported.
Here,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag-0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.
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2.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine
Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway(MakerBot IndustriesVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles, with the extruder moving from left to right (Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication).Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive]High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The schematic shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders.
Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type. (a)Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. (b)Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.[Heavy Wall Thickness Seamless Tubing]COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321), a small slit or pre-Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. Finally,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens(first tab)SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inThe Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Tile Edge Trim Metal.Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Croygenic Swing Check Valve, cross-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Screw Single Compressor Water ChillerVex.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutesshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown incar emergency hammer. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.[Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inMushroom).Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch,σT,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin(see Section 2.3).[for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge]Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring-parallel to the print.
3.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation
Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine. Cross-Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.3, and are displayed inColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inJar Barrel Bucket Cap Seal Cover Making Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex, which all had significantly smaller,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Security Padlock.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Orange Fashion Men′s Twist BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp. AsTexincreases,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0, leading to a stronger weld.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging FoundryVexas shown inLuxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. The influence ofTexandVexHalogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.
Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid ValveσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Seamless Sports Legging for Women-LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123),Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion/or extrusion.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer)).CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLow Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller, respectively,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.
4 Conclusions
Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stackable Syringe Pump,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate-AM.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
