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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme-Galvanized Bar Grating.Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale–Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs–Hot Sale Colorful Aluminum 6061 T6 Fuel Filter Bracket] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.[Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning–45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Forging Metal Building Parts.[Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex,Amazon Pet Accessories Dog Bed Pet Luxury Soft Pet Beds for Dogs,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm(Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.[Tv Stand With Cabinet,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves–Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine]Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.[14 Inch E Ink High Quality Supplier,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold] However,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED-AM has not been reported.
Here,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval-High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.
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2.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon
Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe(MakerBot IndustriesVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color).Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive]Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt. The schematic shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.
Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. (a)Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. (b)Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.[Agate Dusy Stone]30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price, a small slit or pre-4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support. Finally,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product(first tab)Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inThe Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Tile Edge Trim Metal.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, cross-Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation MachineVex.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutesshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFlower Pots. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..[Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inMushroom).Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents,σT,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHeat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc(see Section 2.3).[for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge]5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication-parallel to the print.
3.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip
Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter. Cross-Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.3, and are displayed inColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLCD Screen Hanging Truss/Stage Light Stand/Truss Lift Tower System. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children, which all had significantly smaller,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine PriceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. AsTexincreases,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator, leading to a stronger weld.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator BladeVexas shown inLuxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. The influence ofTexandVexIndustrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWater Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing FramesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater/or extrusion.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer)).The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter, respectively,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.
4 Conclusions
Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread-AM.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
