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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table-300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book–PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion–High Quality Mbr Underground Wastewater Treatment for Printing and Dyeing Sewage] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings–2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Fence Pole,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic(Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.[Good Factory Price Cotton Disposable Cover Eye Mask,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip–Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp]60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.[Cosmetic Empty Bb Cushion Compact Powder Case with Mirror,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality] However,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket-AM has not been reported.
Here,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway-Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.
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2.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit
Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory, with the extruder moving from left to right (Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools).High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine. The schematic shown inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump. (a)Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter. (b)COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.[Rgbw Led Remote Control System]Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift, a small slit or pre-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. Finally,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Croygenic Swing Check Valve(first tab)Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size, cross-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP PipeVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inXCMG Construction Machinery Xe370ca 37 Ton Crawler Excavator China Brand New RC Mining Hydraulic Excavator Machine with Excavator Attachments Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending,σT,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine-parallel to the print.
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Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. Cross-Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.3, and are displayed in Size D90mm. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Concrete Mixer Pump. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Security Padlock, which all had significantly smaller,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating LampTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. AsTexincreases,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve, leading to a stronger weld.Seamless Sports Legging for WomenVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexLCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).
Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNational Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for PromotionσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetrowere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain-Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller/or extrusion.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine(Croygenic Lift Check Valve)).China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool, respectively,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.Stackable Syringe Pump.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.
4 Conclusions
Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie-AM.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.
Acknowledgments
New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
