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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door-color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale–Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater–Li Ion LiFePO4 Battery 12V 24V 36V 48V 20ah 40ah 50ah 60ah 100ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.[Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad–Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.[Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net,Best Price Anti-Slip Shuttering Construction Laminated Poplar Plywood,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.[Ladder Trolley With Wheels,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches–Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male]Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).[1.2mm/1.5mm Waterproof Tape Aluminum Foil/Laminated,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size] However,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer-AM has not been reported.
Here,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes-Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.
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20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(MakerBot IndustriesDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, with the extruder moving from left to right (F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain).Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines]300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. The schematic shown inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.
Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. (a)One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. (b)Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.[220v Piston Air Compressor]2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, a small slit or pre-Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil. Finally,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting(first tab)Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theGrey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch, cross-Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/BlowerVex.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPlastic Fly Screen Frame UPVC Profiles PVC Window Frame. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWhey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China).Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo,σT,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor(see Section 2.3).[Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip-parallel to the print.
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Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom. Cross-2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.3, and are displayed inHDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHydraulic Ceramic Wastewater Filter Press. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, which all had significantly smaller,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGood Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. AsTexincreases,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for CarVexas shown inOffice Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. The influence ofTexandVexOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.
Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type InverterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Pricewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame-AM.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.
Acknowledgments
Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
