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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–Minions Cap] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,Custom PP Frosting Clear Plastic Storage Boxes, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.[Filter For Alcohol Distillation,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.[Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-AM has not been reported.
Here,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012),Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags-Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.
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Custom G-professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle. The schematic shown inJinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.[19 Inch Best Service Good Quality Competitive Price Rack Cabinet]Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, a small slit or pre-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
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For the modified approach presented here,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden(first tab)Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, cross-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440Vex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSmart Mobile Phone Android Xiaomi. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier,σT,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(see Section 2.3).[99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II-parallel to the print.
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Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer. Cross-Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.3, and are displayed in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPolypropylene Nonwoven Disposable PP 3ply Medical Face Mask. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign, which all had significantly smaller,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cimc 6cbm Offshore ContainerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic. AsTexincreases,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment, leading to a stronger weld.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face MaskVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexGreenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver,Aluminium Blind Rivets.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover-AM.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
