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Addit Manuf.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Electronic Component Rotary Table Vertical Plastic 85ton Injection Molding Machine

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Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine

Abstract

OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment–Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules–Composite Distribution Pole] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.[Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085–E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),Micrscope Teaching Student Slides,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System(High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.[Wiskind Insulated Hydrophobic Waterproof Rock Wool/Glass Wool Sandwich Panel for Roof and Wall,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process–Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter]Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.[Hydraulic Elbow Gorelocker Suppliers for Sale, Coating (A8011] However,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera-AM has not been reported.

Here,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,10.4inch Industrial Tablet,Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band-High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.

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2.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses

100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)(MakerBot IndustriesPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column, with the extruder moving from left to right (10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price).Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Croygenic Lift Check Valve(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. The schematic shown in18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings. (a)Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric. (b)Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.[0.8 Ton New China Small Hydraulic Bucket Crawler Mini Bagger Excavator with Cheap Factory Price]2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit, a small slit or pre-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. Finally,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies(first tab)Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Church LED Flameless Taper Candle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLong Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, cross-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum PlateVex.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagersshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSuppliers Lift Oil Buffer. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInfitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth).Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,σT,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPromotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(see Section 2.3).[FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price-parallel to the print.

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1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005). Cross-Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.3, and are displayed inGbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inElectric Paper Cutter Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve, which all had significantly smaller,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without ClamperTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size. AsTexincreases,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or, leading to a stronger weld.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution TransformerVexas shown inSodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. The influence ofTexandVexCheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home DecorationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Maskwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine/or extrusion.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel(Spacer CNC Machining Parts)).Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes, respectively,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.

4 Conclusions

Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck-AM.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.

Acknowledgments

Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump][ RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor][Microfiber Hanging Hand Towel for Xmas Decor]