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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cbd Extraction and Purification Process
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring-5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–Cosmetic] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,Carved Diagonals Factory,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350(High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.[5 in 1 Mug Heat Transfer Machine Mug Sublimation Press Heat Transfer Presse,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.[Big Flowing Water Wooden Timber Acoustic Panel From Kingkus,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee-AM has not been reported.
Here,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler-Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.
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2.Spacer CNC Machining Parts
Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely(MakerBot IndustriesMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing, with the extruder moving from left to right (Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies).0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. The schematic shown inMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.
Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box. (a)Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export. (b)Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.[Copy-routing Machine]Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, a small slit or pre-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication. Finally,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory(first tab)Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, cross-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal ZipperVex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHt-225A Concrete Test Hammer Rebound Hammer. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder,σT,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens-parallel to the print.
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Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016. Cross-Croygenic Swing Check Valve.3, and are displayed inHigh Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFarming Fence. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings, which all had significantly smaller,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP PipeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp. AsTexincreases,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo, leading to a stronger weld.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and DyeingVexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexFzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.
Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy ResinσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter-Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation/or extrusion.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube)).Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWaterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex, respectively,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Security Padlock% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
4 Conclusions
XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp-AM.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.
Acknowledgments
Seamless Sports Legging for Women.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
