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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag–Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags–18 Inch Super Big Power Height Adjustable Iron Leaves Factory Applaince Stand Fan] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.[2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter–Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.[EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,Big Square Connectors Stainless Steel Nitrogen Gas Spring for Sea Boat,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.[Bldc Gear Motor Manufacturers Cheap Price,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer–Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)]PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.[Round Shape Color Changing Music Fountain in Water Pool,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle] However,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock-Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.
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2.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel
Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine(MakerBot IndustriesOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, with the extruder moving from left to right (G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels).Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. The schematic shown inHeat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.
5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. (a)PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip. (b)Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.[Bathroom Vanity Sets High Quality Supplier]Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, a small slit or pre-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. Finally,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera(first tab)80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, cross-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control SystemVex.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx- IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAPI Seamless 201 Welded 304/316 Stainless Steel Tube. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in3.7*60 Concrete Nails).ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector,σT,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(see Section 2.3).[PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-parallel to the print.
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Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. Cross-Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.3, and are displayed inMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inRvca Snapback Hats. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring HarnessTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. AsTexincreases,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication, leading to a stronger weld.Manufactor of Pillow Block BearingVexas shown in40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWomens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment/or extrusion.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve)).Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inShrink Tunnel for Packing Machine, respectively,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.
4 Conclusions
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. This measurement technique is a straightforward,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc-AM.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.
Acknowledgments
Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
