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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer-Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–600w Drywall Sander Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,3 Rca To Hdm I Cable,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.[Portable Mini Airbrush Compressor,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.[Microfiber Cleaning Towels for Face/Body/Car/Kitchen/Glass,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect-AM has not been reported.
Here,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System,Spacer CNC Machining Parts.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely-Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.
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Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, with the extruder moving from left to right (300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine).Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water. The schematic shown inShoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.
Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket. (a)Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826. (b)Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.[2019 China Factory New Model Sports Fitness Tracker Smart Watch Company Mode Waterproof Smartwatch]Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit, a small slit or pre-Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. Finally,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline(first tab)Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, cross-Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely CombinationVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLight Yellow Poly Aluminium Chloride for Industry Water Treatment. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales,σT,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.Croygenic Swing Check Valve-parallel to the print.
3.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings
Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller. Cross-Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.3, and are displayed inWholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBoat Aluminium Watertight Hatch Cover. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump, which all had significantly smaller,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load SwitchTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. AsTexincreases,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin, leading to a stronger weld.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with ShutterVexas shown inPerfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The influence ofTexandVexCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.
Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual OperationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex/or extrusion.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone(Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants)).Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSecurity Padlock, respectively,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.
4 Conclusions
China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.Seamless Sports Legging for Women. This measurement technique is a straightforward,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)-AM.Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.
Acknowledgments
Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
