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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–m.hybonsecurity-eas.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,FORD,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306(Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.[China Fitness Expo,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.[4k Video Wall High Quality Supplier, Anodized 92510-2] However,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle-AM has not been reported.
Here,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box-Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.
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Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument).Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory. The schematic shown inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.
Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. (a)DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer. (b)2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Needle for Crochet Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.[Steel Sheet Plate Shot Blast Machine]Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth, a small slit or pre-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05). Finally,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou(first tab)Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby, cross-4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle MouldVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCambodia Plywood High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door,σT,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-parallel to the print.
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Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration. Cross-Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Carton Packing Box. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent, which all had significantly smaller,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. AsTexincreases,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making MachineVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.
Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging StationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler-Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t-AM.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.
Acknowledgments
Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
