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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material-FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–Compound Fertilizer Crushing Machine Cage Crusher] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,Car Spark Plug,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper(Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).[Fondant Silicone Mold,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.[Cnc Processing Parts, HiFi Music TV] However,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera-Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.
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2.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories
15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge, with the extruder moving from left to right (Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings).Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. The schematic shown inSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.
Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. (a)Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making. (b)High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.[Hydraulic Cylinder Pipe]Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, a small slit or pre-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher. Finally,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine(first tab)Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator, cross-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation DeviceVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in10oz Black Glass Candle Jar with Rose Gold Metal Lid and Box. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine,σT,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDisposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant-parallel to the print.
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Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet. Cross-Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCheapest Price High Visibility Vest - pure color camouflage net - Demarui. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines, which all had significantly smaller,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD MonitorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). AsTexincreases,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush, leading to a stronger weld.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking MachineVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVexOffice Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt/or extrusion.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf)).Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCommercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m, respectively,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
4 Conclusions
AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe-AM.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
