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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Forging Metal Building Parts-Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book–PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion–PVC Wire Cable Extruder Manufacturer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings–2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Factory Truck/Bus Spray Paint Booth /Industry Paint Booth,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv(High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.[www.jyhypower.com,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip–Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp]Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.[OEM High Precision Pulley / Mechanical Seal Bushing Plastic CNC Machining Parts,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality] However,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF-AM has not been reported.
Here,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe-Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.
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2.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse
S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085, with the extruder moving from left to right (Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof).Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. The schematic shown inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.
Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. (a)China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag. (b)30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.[Cigarette Bins Free Standing]Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, a small slit or pre-Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. Finally,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry(first tab)Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, cross-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial BuildingsVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMulti Functions Large Insulated Picnic Lunch Backpack Soft-Sided Cooler Bag for Camping BBQ. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting,σT,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board-parallel to the print.
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Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Cross-China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.3, and are displayed in Size D90mm. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDisc Plough For Tractors. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes, which all had significantly smaller,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. AsTexincreases,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames, leading to a stronger weld.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport VehicleVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.
IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPerforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water HeaterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetrowere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter/or extrusion.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(Croygenic Lift Check Valve)).Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape, respectively,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.
4 Conclusions
Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector-AM.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.
Acknowledgments
Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
