Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale–Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs–Decorative Laminate Film For Office] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.[Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning–45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.[Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex,Wheat Rice Cutting Binding Machine Grain Cutter,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1(Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.[Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves–Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine]Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.[Ce Certified Peanut /Groundnut Combine Harvester (4H-810A) From China,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold] However,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag-AM has not been reported.
Here,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables-Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).
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Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(MakerBot IndustriesVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp, with the extruder moving from left to right (2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter).Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive]Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. The schematic shown inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.
High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. (a)Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. (b)304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.[Ultrasound Cavitation Lipo Laser Cryolipolysis RF Beauty Machine for Weight Loss Salon Home Use]PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, a small slit or pre-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. Finally,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)(first tab)Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inThe Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Tile Edge Trim Metal.Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, cross-Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cbd Extraction and Purification Process-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency TechnologyVex.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutesshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Supply 60*100cm White PP Woven Grain Sack. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.[Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inMushroom).Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold,σT,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arwire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(see Section 2.3).[for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge]3.7*60 Concrete Nails.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)-parallel to the print.
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7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool. Cross-Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.3, and are displayed inColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBottle Stopper. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles. AsTexincreases,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent, leading to a stronger weld.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler ChickenVexas shown inLuxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. The influence ofTexandVex900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.
Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series-Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge/or extrusion.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation(China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer)).100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine, respectively,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.
4 Conclusions
Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace.Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof-AM.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
