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Addit Manuf.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Precision Fabrication CNC Machining Parts Service for Machinery Tools

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Associated Data

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Abstract

Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog-Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold–Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive–www.whoistide.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.[High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer– Tile Edge Trim Metal] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.[16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes,Custom Welding Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Welding Parts,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml(FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Mushroom,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge]CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.[Electric Ceramic Heater,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator–High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook]Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.[Custom Fashion Colorful Cmyk Heat Transfer Garment Decoration Patches Jean Jacket Personalized Embroidery Applique Clothing Label Badges with Any Design,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity] However,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair-AM has not been reported.

Here,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder).Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand-Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.

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2.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts

Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage(MakerBot IndustriesPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler, with the extruder moving from left to right (Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price).High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. (a)White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS. (b)Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.[Stainless Steel Panel Water Tank]Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light, a small slit or pre-48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Spacer CNC Machining Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely. Finally,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package(first tab)Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Retail Shop Glass Display.300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, cross-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash MosaicVex.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirtshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inTop Sale Strong 3m Custom Material Neodymium Ferrite Ring Magnet. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function).Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826,σT,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway(see Section 2.3).[OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit-parallel to the print.

3.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire

Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. Cross-High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.3, and are displayed inAll Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.cauntamachinery.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire, which all had significantly smaller,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate ValveTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inS400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump. AsTexincreases,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination, leading to a stronger weld.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for WireVexas shown inFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. The influence ofTexandVex10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTRubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper BinderσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kvwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales/or extrusion.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China)).Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016, respectively,Croygenic Swing Check Valve.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.

4 Conclusions

Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo-AM.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.

Acknowledgments

Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould][Four Way Cassette Fan Coil Unit]