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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing-New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book–PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion–Plastic Part] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings–2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Buy Top Purity Sarms Powder Lgd 4033 Bodybuilding Safe Shipping Low Price,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
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Here,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace-Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.
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2.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil
Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover, with the extruder moving from left to right (YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs).Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. The schematic shown inWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).
Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. (a)155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. (b)Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.[Screw Compressor Condensing/Condenser Unit for Air Conditioner]Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould, a small slit or pre-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Finally,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food(first tab)New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, cross-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End LoadersVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in3 Way Brass Hose Tube Fitting Female and Male Run Tee Joint Pneumatic Brass Fittings. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls,σT,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory. AsTexincreases,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling, leading to a stronger weld.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster SystemVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexDJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.
T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLow Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air DryerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould-AM.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
